Abstract To achieve a better SDI system design, the emitters’ hydraulic characteristics and the flowrate uniformity along lateral lines under backpressure influence must be known. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of backpressure on the maximum length of irrigation laterals using two types of emitters (pressure-compensating and nonpressure-compensating) in different situations. Data from a field experiment combined with information obtained from a previously published paper was used, that tested driplines hydraulics behavior influenced by backpressure. The lateral dripline design technique based on statistical approach developed by Anyoji & Wu 1987 was used to calculate the maximum length. The variables that most influenced the maximum length of the laterals were the terrain slope and permissible flowrate variation. For nonpressure-compensating emitters, the maximum length of the irrigation laterals is up to 5% greater in subsurface applications than in surface applications. For pressure-compensating emitters operating under the influence of backpressure, there is an increase in the discharge exponent due to the small difference in flowrate between the surface and subsurface conditions, which also increases the influence of pressure variations on the flowrate thus, the surface laterals are up to 8% longer than the subsurface ones.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine some transport parameters of potassium in soil columns by miscible displacement of effluent from a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). This effluent was collected at different stages of treatment, and potassium chloride solutions were prepared with the same K pulse concentration as the effluent. They were used to conduct a miscible displacement experiment of potassium in soil columns of dystrophic Red Latosol. Both types of solutions contained concentrations of 30 and 32 mg L-1 of potassium. STANMOD software was used to obtain the retardation factor (R) and the Peclet number (Pe) from pore volume and relative concentration. Both retardation factor and solid-water partition coefficient of the soil showed significant results by ANOVA. When assessing KCl solutions, retardation factor was higher than that observed for the effluent, resulting in higher soil-solute interaction. The presence of other competitor cations in the effluent caused less potassium adsorption by the soil. Based on the results, potassium provided a greater groundwater pollutant potential when applied via effluent than solutions of potassium chloride with the same ion concentrations.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar, técnica e economicamente, a cultura do meloeiro rendilhado cultivado em ambiente protegido. Foram realizados simultaneamente dois experimentos utilizando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) cujas plantas do melão tipo Gália foram submetidas a cinco lâminas de irrigação definidas por 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150%, da evapotranspiração da cultura, com quatro repetições. Os experimentos se diferenciaram apenas pelo não uso (SC) ou uso (CC) de cobertura plástica do solo (mulching). As lâminas de água ótimas economicamente foram 208,83 e 186,88 mm, que resultaram nas produtividades de 50,85 e 44,51 t ha-1 para os experimentos SC e CC, respectivamente. Os resultados permitiram concluir que as lâminas ótimas econômicas ficaram bastante próximas daquelas que produziram as maiores produções físicas, para ambos os experimentos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze technically and economically the irrigated ‘Gália’ melon (Hybrid Nectar), cultivated in greenhouse with and without using plastic mulch covering on the soil. Simultaneously, two experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD), in which melon plants were submitted to five water availability levels, defined by 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150% of crop evapotranspiration, with four replicates. The difference between experiments were only about the soil covering with plastic mulch: with (CC) or without (SC) plastic mulch. The economically optimal irrigation depths were 208.83 and 186.88 mm, resulting in yields of 50.85 and 44.51 t ha-1 for the experiments with and without mulching, respectively. The results showing the economically optimal irrigation depths were very close to those that produced the highest yield.

RESUMO Para o projeto e o manejo da irrigação por gotejamento, é necessário o conhecimento da relação entre vazão e pressão atuante sobre os emissores. Porém, o fenômeno da contrapressão, no caso do gotejamento subsuperficial, pode alterar as características hidráulicas dos emissores. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a relação entre a vazão e a pressão de diferentes tubogotejadores em condições superficiais e subsuperficiais, e as possíveis diferenças no comportamento hidráulico dos emissores nessas duas condições. Foram utilizados nos ensaios quatro emissores: dois autocompensantes (D5000 e Hydro PCND) e dois não autocompensantes (TalDrip e Jardiline). A vazão destes foi obtida em condição atmosférica e submersa em água, em que os níveis de submersão representaram a contrapressão. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando as pressões de entrada de 80; 100; 120 e 150 kPa para o tubo gotejador Hydro PCND e 25; 50; 100 e 150 kPa, para os demais, e contrapressões de 0,49; 1,47; 2,45; 4,41 e 6,37 kPa, com quatro repetições. Os emissores tiveram suas constantes de proporcionalidade e expoentes de descarga alterados em aplicação submersa. Emissores não autocompensantes tiveram seu expoente de descarga diminuído, enquanto nos autocompensantes, este aumentou. A vazão de emissores foi reduzida pelo efeito da contrapressão, em todas as pressões avaliadas.

ABSTRACT For drip irrigation design and management, it is necessary to know the relation between flow and pressure acting on emitters. In the case of subsurface drip irrigation, the backpressure phenomenon may change the hydraulic characteristics of emitters. Thus, this study aimed at determining such relationship between flow and pressure of different driplines in surface and subsurface conditions; aiming to find possible differences in hydraulic behavior. We tested four emitter types; two pressure compensating (D5000 and Hydro PCND) and two non-pressure compensating (TalDrip and Jardiline). Emitter flow rates were attained in atmospheric conditions and submerged in water, in which submergence levels represented backpressure. Assays were performed using inlet pressures of 80, 100, 120, and 150 kPa for the Hydro PCND dripline and 25, 50, 100, and 150 kPa for the other ones; the backpressures were of 0.49, 1.47, 2.45, 4.41 and 6.37 kPa with four replications. The emitters had their proportionality constants and discharge exponents changed in submerged applications, representing backpressure effect. Non-pressure compensating emitters had their discharge exponent decreased, while in pressure compensating ones, it was increased. Backpressure reduced emitter flow rates at all evaluated pressures.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar as tensões de água no solo em duas fases fenológicas (vegetativa e reprodutiva) da cultura da pimenta Cayenne, cultivada em ambiente protegido e irrigada por gotejamento. Foram instalados dois experimentos utilizando-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado cujos tratamentos foram definidos por quatro tensões de água no solo (20, 40, 60 e 120 kPa) e quatro repetições. Os maiores valores de massa média de frutos por planta foram obtidos para a tensão de 20 kPa, sendo 1936,83 e 2091,59 g por planta e os coeficientes de rendimento obtidos foram 0,81 e 1,01, para as fases vegetativa e reprodutiva, respectivamente. Com base nos resultados apresentados concluiu-se que: a produtividade da cultura apresentou comportamento inversamente proporcional à tensão de água no solo e a tensão de 20 kPa mostrou-se mais adequada para promover as irrigações nas fases estudadas. Os coeficientes de rendimento identificaram a fase reprodutiva como a mais sensível ao deficit hídrico.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different soil water tensions at different phenological stages (vegetative and reproductive) on Cayenne pepper cultivated in greenhouse and with drip irrigation. A completely randomized design was used, using four soil water tensions (20, 40, 60 e 120 kPa) as treatments with four replications, in two experiments (1 e 2), related to the phenological stages (vegetative and reproductive), respectively. The higher values of fruits mean weight per plant were obtained with 20 kPa soil water tension, being 1,936.83 and 2,091.59 g plant-1 and the yield coefficients obtained were 0.81 and 1.01, for vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively. It was concluded that the crop yield presented inversely proportional behavior to the soil water tension, and the 20 kPa tension showed most appropriate to promote the irrigation on the studied stages. The yield coefficients identified the reproductive stage as the most sensitive to the water stress.

A qualidade da água de irrigação é de fundamental importância para não comprometer a qualidade dos produtos e o funcionamento dos equipamentos de irrigação, especialmente quando são diluídos outros compostos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do lançamento de efluente de abate de bovinos tratado sobre a qualidade da água para fins de irrigação do Córrego Jurubatuba, Anápolis-GO. As amostras de efluente e água foram obtidas em seis diferentes dias e nos seguintes locais: na descarga do efluente tratado antes do lançamento no córrego -P1, 50 m a montante do ponto de descarga -P2, 50 m a jusante do ponto de descarga -P3 e 120 m a jusante do ponto de descarga -P4. Analisaram-se os sólidos dissolvidos, pH, ferro, dureza, sódio, cálcio, magnésio, manganês, RAS, boro e DBO. Constatou-se risco médio ou alto de entupimento de emissores pelo uso do efluente na irrigação localizada, quando foram considerados pH, sólidos dissolvidos, ferro, dureza e manganês. A água dos locais avaliados no Córrego Jurubatuba apresentou risco médio de entupimento e restrição de uso moderada em relação a problemas de infiltração de água no solo. Em todos os pontos avaliados, as concentrações de DBO foram superiores aos limites para irrigação de vegetais consumidos in natura e cozidos.

Quality of irrigation water is very important to conserve products quality and the operation of irrigation equipment, especially when it contains effluent from residuary sources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the release of treated effluent from cattle slaughter on irrigation water quality of the Jurubatuba Stream, Anápolis -GO, Brazil. The effluent and water samples were taken on six different days and at the following locations: at the discharge of treated effluent before released into the stream -P1, 50 m upstream from the discharge point -P2, 50 m downstream from the discharge point -P3 and 120 m downstream from the discharge point -P4. Variables analyzed were dissolved solids, pH, iron, water hardness, sodium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, SAR, boron and BOD. Medium or high risk of emitters clogging were noticed by possible use of effluent for trickle irrigation when considering variables such as pH, dissolved solids, Iron, Manganese and water hardness. Water at analyzed points in the Jurubatuba Stream presented medium risk of clogging and moderate restriction of use in relation to water infiltration problems. At all analyzed points, the BOD concentrations were higher than the limit for irrigation of vegetables consumed fresh or cooked.

As agroindústrias figuram entre as maiores fontes poluidoras das águas no Brasil, em função da grande quantidade de resíduos produzidos, contendo substâncias orgânicas, nutrientes, sólidos, óleos e graxas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito do lançamento de efluente de abate de bovinos sobre a qualidade da água do Córrego Jurubatuba, em Anápolis, GO. As amostras de efluente e a água foram obtidas em seis diferentes dias e em quatro posições, em relação ao ponto de lançamento: P1 - na saída do efluente tratado, antes do lançamento no córrego; P2 - 50 m à montante do ponto de descarga; P3 - 50 m à jusante do ponto de descarga e P4 - 120 m à jusante do ponto de descarga. Analisaram-se as concentrações de OD, DBO, DQO, amônia, nitrito e nitrato. Os valores de DBO em todos os pontos de coleta no Córrego Jurubatuba foram superiores aos padrões descritos na Resolução do CONAMA nº 357/2005 para cursos de água da classe 2. O lançamento de efluente no Córrego Jurubatuba elevou os valores de DBO e DQO no ponto P3, enquanto no ponto P4 foi semelhante aos valores obtidos antes do lançamento de efluente. As concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido, amônia, nitrito e nitrato, não sofreram alterações significativas no córrego.

Agroindustrial systems are among the largest sources of water pollution in Brazil, due to the large amount of waste produced, containing organic substances, nutrients, solids, oils and fats. This study aimed to analyze the effect of release of cattle slaughter treated effluent on the water quality of the Jurubatuba Stream in the municipality of Anápolis, GO. The effluent and stream water samples were obtained at six different days and at four positions in relation to the point of discharge: P1 - the discharge of the treated wastewater, before launching it into the stream; P2 - upstream, 50 m away from the discharge point; P3 - downstream, 50 m away from the discharge point; and P4 - downstream, 120 m away from the discharge point. The concentrations of DO, BOD, COD, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate were analyzed. The BOD values at all samphing points in the Jurubatuba Stream were higher than the described standards of CONAMA Resolution n°. 357/2005 for class 2 water bodies. The effluent launch in Jurubatuba Stream increased values of BOD and COD at point P3, while at point P4 values were similar to those obtained upstream the effluent release (P2). The concentrations of DO, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate did not change significantly in the stream.